The C++ I/O System

• I/O Class Hierarchy (simplified)

              ios_base
                 |
                ios
              /     \
        istream      ostream
         |    \      /   |
         |    iostream   |
         |       |       |
  ifstream    fstream    ofstream
  

• The class ios_base -- public variables and methods
• The derived classes istream, ostream
, ifstream, ofstream
• Overloads of operators << and >>
• Manipulators