COP 4020 Project 2: Calculator

Educational Objectives Summary: After completing this assignment, the student should be able to do the following:

Deliverables summary: Parser2.java, Calc2.java, UCalc.java

Part 1: Recursive Descent Parser

Educational Objectives: After completing this assignment, the student should be able to do the following:

Operational Objectives: Implement a recursive descent parser in Java for a calculator language based on a BNF grammar.

Deliverables: One file Parser2.java

  1. Arithmetic operators in a programming language are typically left associative with the notable exception of exponentiation (^) which is right associative. (However, this rule of thumb is not universal.)

    Associativity can be captured in a grammar. For a left associative binary operator lop we can have a production of the form:

    <expr> -> <term>
            | <expr> lop <term>
    

    For example, a+b+c is evaluated from the left to the right by summing a and b first. Assuming that <term> represents identifiers, the parse tree of a+b+c with the grammar above is:

                <expr>
              /   |   \
          <expr>  +  <term>
        /   |   \      |
    <expr>  +  <term>  c
      |          |
    <term>       b
      |
      a
    

    As you can see, the left subtree represents a+b which is a subsexpression of a+b+c, because a+b+c is parsed as (a+b)+c.

    Note that the production for a left associative operator is left recursive. To eliminate left recursion, we can rewrite the grammar into:

    <expr>      -> <term> <term_tail>
    <term_tail> -> lop <term> <term_tail>
                 | empty
    

    This (part of the) grammar is LL(1) and therefore suitable for recursive descent parsing. However, the parse tree structure does not capture the left-associativity of the lop operator.

    Draw the parse tree of a+b+c using the LL(1) grammar shown above. You may assume that <term> represents identifiers. Hint: draw the tree from the top down by simulating a top-down predictive parser.

  2. For a right associative operator rop we can create a grammar production of the form:

    <expr> -> <term>
            | <term> rop <expr>
    

    An example right associative operator is exponentiation ^, so a^b^c is evaluated from the right to the left such that b^c is evaluated first.

    Draw the parse tree of a^b^c. You may assume that <term> represents identifiers.

  3. The precedence of an operator indicates the priority of applying the operator relative to other operators. For example, multiplication has a higher precedence than addition, so a+b*c is evaluated by multiplying b and c first. In other words, multiplication groups more tightly compared to addition. The rules of operator precedence vary from one programming language to another.

    The relative precedences between operators can be captured in a grammar as follows. A nonterminal is introduced for every group of operators with identical precedence. The nonterminal of the group of operators with lowest precedence is the nonterminal for the expression as a whole. Productions for (left associative) binary operators with lowest to highest precedences are written of the form suitable for recursive descent parsing. Here is an outline:

    <expr>    -> <e1> <e1_tail>
    <e1>      -> <e2> <e2_tail>
    <e1_tail> -> <lowest_op> <e1> <e1_tail>
               | empty
    <e2>      -> <e3> <e3_tail>
    <e2_tail> -> <second_lowest_op> <e2> <e2_tail>
               | empty
    ...
    <eN>      -> '(' <expr> ')'
               | '-' <eN> 
               | identifier
               | number
    <eN_tail> -> <highest_op> <eN> <eN_tail>
               | empty
    

    where <lowest_op> is a nonterminal denoting all operators with the same lowest precedence, etc.

    The following Java program uses these concepts to implement a recursive descent parser for a calculator language:

    /* Parser.java
       Implementes a parser for a calculator language
       Uses java.io.StreamTokenizer and recursive descent parsing
    
       Compile:
       javac Parser.java
    */
    import java.io.*;
    /* Calculator language grammar:
    
       <expr>        -> <term> <term_tail>
       <term>        -> <factor> <factor_tail>
       <term_tail>   -> <add_op> <term> <term_tail>
                      | empty
       <factor>      -> '(' <expr> ')'
                      | '-' <factor>
                      | identifier
                      | number
       <factor_tail> -> <mult_op> <factor> <factor_tail>
                      | empty
       <add_op>      -> '+' | '-'
       <mult_op>     -> '*' | '/'
    */
    public class Parser
    {
      private static StreamTokenizer tokens;
      private static int token;
      public static void main(String argv[]) throws IOException
      {
        InputStreamReader reader;
        if (argv.length > 0)
          reader = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(argv[0]));
        else
          reader = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
        // create the tokenizer:
        tokens = new StreamTokenizer(reader);
        tokens.ordinaryChar('.');
        tokens.ordinaryChar('-');
        tokens.ordinaryChar('/');
        // advance to the first token on the input:
        getToken();
        // check if expression:
        expr();
        // check if expression ends with ';'
        if (token == (int)';')
          System.out.println("Syntax ok");
        else
          System.out.println("Syntax error");
      }
      // getToken - advance to the next token on the input
      private static void getToken() throws IOException
      {
        token = tokens.nextToken();
      }
      // expr - parse <expr> -> <term> <term_tail>
      private static void expr() throws IOException
      {
        term();
        term_tail();
      }
      // term - parse <term> -> <factor> <factor_tail>
      private static void term() throws IOException
      {
        factor();
        factor_tail();
      }
      // term_tail - parse <term_tail> -> <add_op> <term> <term_tail> | empty
      private static void term_tail() throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'+' || token == (int)'-')
        {
          add_op();
          term();
          term_tail();
        }
      }
      // factor - parse <factor> -> '(' <expr> ')' | '-' <expr> | identifier | number
      private static void factor() throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'(')
        {
          getToken();
          expr();
          if (token == (int)')')
            getToken();
          else System.out.println("closing ')' expected");
        }
        else if (token == (int)'-')
        {
          getToken();
          factor();
        }
        else if (token == tokens.TT_WORD)
          getToken();
        else if (token == tokens.TT_NUMBER)
          getToken();
        else System.out.println("factor expected");
      }
      // factor_tail - parse <factor_tail> -> <mult_op> <factor> <factor_tail> | empty
      private static void factor_tail() throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'*' || token == (int)'/')
        {
          mult_op();
          factor();
          factor_tail();
        }
      }
      // add_op - parse <add_op> -> '+' | '-'
      private static void add_op() throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'+' || token == (int)'-')
          getToken();
      }
      // mult_op - parse <mult_op> -> '*' | '/'
      private static void mult_op() throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'*' || token == (int)'/')
          getToken();
      }
    }
    

    Copy (and download if needed) this example parser program from:

    ~cop4020p/[semester]/proj2/
    

    Compile and execute:

    javac Parser.java
    java Parser
    

    Give the output of the program when you type 2*(1+3)/x; and explain why this expression is accepted by the parser by drawing the parse tree. Give the output of the program when you type 2x+1; and explain why it is not accepted. At what point in the program does the parser fail?

  4. Extend the parser program to include syntax checking of function calls with one argument, given by the new production for <factor>:

    <factor> -> '(' <expr> ')'
              | '-' <factor>
              | identifier '(' <expr> ')'
              | identifier
              | number
    

    Test your implementation with 2*f(1+a);. Also draw the parse tree of 2*f(1+a);.

  5. Extend the parser to include syntax checking of the exponentiation operator ^, so that expressions like -a^2 and -(a^b)^(c*d)^(e+f) can be parsed. Note that exponentation is right associative and has the highest precedence, even higher than unary minus, so -a^2 is evaluated by evaluating a^2 first. To implemented this, you must add a <power> nonterminal and also change the production of <factor> so that the parse tree of -a^2 is:

        <factor>
         /    \
        -   <power>
            /  |  \
           a   ^   <power>
                     |
                     2
    

Keep this step of the project as a working Java program named "Parser2.java". This will be collected using the project 2 submit script. Your answers for the non-programming questions should be inserted in the documentation at the top of your file. Use plain text to draw the trees as required.

Hint: The compiled "Parser2v.class" is distributed in area51. You can use this to see how an expression is processed through a correctly functioning parser. (This is a "verbose" version. Your Parser2.java should not be verbose.)

Part 2: Calculator with Assignment

Educational Objectives: After completing this assignment, the student should be able to do the following:

Operational Objectives: Implement a calculator with assignment in Java using an L-attributed grammar

Deliverables: One file Calc2.java

  1. Consider the following augmented LL(1) grammar for an expression language:

    <expr>         -> <term> <term_tail>           term_tail.subtotal := term.value;
                                                   expr.value := term_tail.value
    <term>         -> <factor> <factor_tail>       factor_tail.subtotal := factor.value;
                                                   term.value := factor_tail.value
    <term_tail1>   -> '+' <term> <term_tail2>      term_tail2.subtotal :=
                                                             term_tail1.subtotal+term.value;
                                                   term_tail1.value := term_tail2.value
                    | '-' <term> <term_tail2>      term_tail2.subtotal :=
                                                             term_tail1.subtotal-term.value;
                                                   term_tail1.value := term_tail2.value
                    | empty                        term_tail1.value := term_tail1.subtotal
    <factor1>      -> '(' <expr> ')'               factor1.value := expr.value
                    | '-' <factor2>                factor1.value := -factor2.value
                    | number                       factor1.value := number
    <factor_tail1> -> '*' <factor> <factor_tail2>  factor_tail2.subtotal :=
                                                             factor_tail1.subtotal*factor.value;
                                                   factor_tail1.value := factor_tail2.value
                    | '/' <factor> <factor_tail2>  factor_tail2.subtotal :=
                                                             factor_tail1.subtotal/factor.value;
                                                   factor_tail1.value := factor_tail2.value
                    | empty                        factor_tail1.value := factor_tail1.subtotal
    

    Note: the indexing (1 and 2) used with nonterminals, such as <factor1> and <factor2>, is only relevant to the semantic rules to identify the specific occurrences of the nonterminals in a production. (See text.)

    Draw the decorated parse tree for -2*3+1 that shows the attributes and their values.

  2. The following calculator Java program implements the attribute grammar shown above to calculate the value of an expression. To this end, the synthesized value attributes are returned as integer values from the methods that correspond to nonterminals. Inherited subtotal attributes are passed to the methods as arguments:

    /* Calc.java
       Implementes a parser and calculator for simple expressions
       Uses java.io.StreamTokenizer and recursive descent parsing
    	
       Compile:
       javac Calc.java
    
       Execute:
       java Calc
       or:
       java Calc <filename>
    */
    import java.io.*;
    public class Calc
    {
      private static StreamTokenizer tokens;
      private static int token;
      public static void main(String argv[]) throws IOException
      {
        InputStreamReader reader;
        if (argv.length > 0)
          reader = new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(argv[0]));
        else
          reader = new InputStreamReader(System.in);
        // create the tokenizer:
        tokens = new StreamTokenizer(reader);
        tokens.ordinaryChar('.');
        tokens.ordinaryChar('-');
        tokens.ordinaryChar('/');
        // advance to the first token on the input:
        getToken();
        // parse expression and get calculated value:
        int value = expr();
        // check if expression ends with ';' and print value
        if (token == (int)';')
          System.out.println("Value = " + value);
        else
          System.out.println("Syntax error");
      }
      // getToken - advance to the next token on the input
      private static void getToken() throws IOException
      {
        token = tokens.nextToken();
      }
      // expr - parse <expr> -> <term> <term_tail>
      private static int expr() throws IOException
      {
        int subtotal = term();
        return term_tail(subtotal);
      }
      // term - parse <term> -> <factor> <factor_tail>
      private static int term() throws IOException
      {
        int subtotal = factor();
        return factor_tail(subtotal);
      }
      // term_tail - parse <term_tail> -> <add_op> <term> <term_tail> | empty
      private static int term_tail(int subtotal) throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'+')
        {
          getToken();
          int termvalue = term();
          return term_tail(subtotal + termvalue);
        }
        else if (token == (int)'-')
        {
          getToken();
          int termvalue = term();
          return term_tail(subtotal - termvalue);
        }
        else
          return subtotal;
      }
      // factor - parse <factor> -> '(' <expr> ')' | '-' <expr> | identifier | number
      private static int factor() throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'(')
        {
          getToken();
          int value = expr();
          if (token == (int)')')
            getToken();
          else
            System.out.println("closing ')' expected");
          return value;
        }
        else if (token == (int)'-')
        {
          getToken();
          return -factor();
        }
        else if (token == tokens.TT_WORD)
        {
          getToken();
          // ignore variable names
          return 0;
        }
        else if (token == tokens.TT_NUMBER)
        {
          getToken();
          return (int)tokens.nval;
        }
        else
        {
          System.out.println("factor expected");
          return 0;
        }
      }
      // factor_tail - parse <factor_tail> -> <mult_op> <factor> <factor_tail> | empty
      private static int factor_tail(int subtotal) throws IOException
      {
        if (token == (int)'*')
        {
          getToken();
          int factorvalue = factor();
          return factor_tail(subtotal * factorvalue);
        }
        else if (token == (int)'/')
        {
          getToken();
          int factorvalue = factor();
          return factor_tail(subtotal / factorvalue);
        }
        else
          return subtotal;
      }
    }
    

    Copy this example Calc.java program from [LIB]/proj2/, and compile and run it:

    javac Calc.java
    java Calc
    

    Explain why the input 1/2; to this program produces the value 0. What are the relevant parts of the program involved in computing this result?

  3. Extend the attribute grammar with two new productions and two new attributes for all nonterminals:

    1. The in inherited attribute is a symbol table with identifier-value bindings that defines the bindings of identifiers in the scope (context) in which (part of) the expression is evaluated,
    2. The out synthesized attribute is a symbol table with identifier-value bindings that holds the in bindings plus the new bindings introduced by (part of) the expression as explained below.

    The two new productions with corresponding semantic rules are as follows:

    <expr1>   -> 'let' identifier '=' <expr2> expr2.in           := expr1.in;
                                              expr1.value        := expr2.value
                                              expr1.out          := expr2.out.put(identifier=expr2.value)
               | <term> <term_tail>           term.in            := expr1.in;
                                              term_tail.in       := term.out;
                                              term_tail.subtotal := term.value;
                                              expr1.value        := term_tail.value;
                                              expr1.out          := term_tail.out
    <factor1> -> '(' <expr> ')'               expr.in            := factor1.in;
                                              factor1.value      := expr.value
                                              factor1.out        := expr.out
               | '-' <factor2>                factor2.in         := factor1.in;
                                              factor1.value      := -factor2.value;
                                              factor1.out        := factor2.out
               | identifier                   factor1.value      := factor1.in.get(identifier)
                                              factor1.out        := factor1.in  
               | number                       factor1.value      := number;
                                              factor1.out        := factor1.in
    

    The first production introduces an assignment construct as an expression, similar to the C/C++ assignment which can also be used within an expression, as in this example:

    (let x = 3) + x;
    Value = 6
    

    The semantic rule expr2.in := expr1.in copies the symbol table of the context in which expr1 is evaluated to the context of expr2. The evaluation of expr2 may change the symbol table and the table is copied to expr1 with the semantic rule expr1.out := expr2.out. For this part of the assignment, you have to change the semantic rules of all other productions in the grammar to include assignments for the in and out attributes to pass the symbol table. Write down the grammar with these new semantic rules.

  4. Implement the two new productions and semantic rules in an updated Calc2.java program.

    To implement a symbol table with identifier-value bindings, you can use the Java java.util.Hashtable class as follows:

    import java.util.*;
    ...
    public class Calc
    {
      ...
      public static void main(String argv[]) throws IOException
      {
        ...
        Hashtable<String,Integer> exprin = new Hashtable<String,Integer>();
        Hashtable<String,Integer> exprout;
        ...
        int value = expr(exprin, exprout);
        ...
        private static int expr
          (Hashtable<String,Integer> exprin, Hashtable<String,Integer> exprout) throws IOException
        {
          if (token == tokens.TT_WORD && tokens.sval.equals("let"))
          {
            getToken(); // advance to identifier
            String id = tokens.sval;
            getToken(); // advance to '='
            getToken(); // advance to <expr>
            int value = expr(exprin, exprout);
            exprout.put(id, new Integer(value));
            ... // return statement here
          }
          else
          {
            Hashtable<String,Integer> x = exprin; // Java likes references to be initialized
            int subtotal = term(exprin, x);
            return term_tail(subtotal, x, exprout);
          }
        }
        private static int factor
          (Hashtable<String,Integer> factorin, Hashtable<String,Integer> factorout) throws IOException
        {
          ...
          else if (token == tokens.TT_WORD)
          {
            String id = tokens.sval;
            getToken();
            factorout = factorin;
            return ((Integer)factorin.get(id)).intValue();
          }
          ...
    

    The put method puts a key and value in the hashtable, where the value must be a class instance so an Integer instance is created. The get method returns the value of a key. The intValue method of Integer class returns an int. Test your new Calc2.java application. For example:

    let x = 1;
    Value = 1
    
    (let x = 1) + x;
    Value = 2
    
    (let a = 2) + 3 * a;
    Value = 8
    
    1 + (let a = (let b = 1) + b) + a;
    Value = 5
    

Save this assignment as a working Java program named "Calc2.java". It will be collected by the project 2 submit script. Your answers for the non-programming questions should be inserted in the documentation at the top of your file. Use plain text to draw trees and write grammars as required.

Suggestions on drawing trees. There are (at least) two basic ways to illustrate trees using ascii text. The first is "pyramidal":


                                  <expr>(-3)
                        --------------------------------
                       /                                \
                  <term>(-5)                             <term_tail1>[-5](-3)
                 --------                               -------------
                /        \                             /     |       \

           .................................................................

      Note: [] represents inherited attribute values
            () represents synthesized attribute values

A second way to represent the same tree is a squared off version:

<expr>(-3)
----------------------------------------------------
    |                                          |
<term>(-5)                             <term_tail1>[-5](-3)
---------------                        ----------------------------
    |        |                                 |        |        |

 .....................................................................

      Note: [] represents inherited attribute values
            () represents synthesized attribute values

The latter may be easier to use, especially for decorated parse trees where a lot of information is displayed for each node. Note that in either case we are using [] to enclose inherited attribute values and () to enclose synthesized attribute values.

Hint: The compiled "Calc2v.class" is distributed in area51. You can use this to see how an expression is processed through a correctly functioning calculator. (This is a "verbose" version. Your Calc2.java should not be verbose.)

Part 3: Ultimate Calculator

Educational Objectives: After completing this assignment, the student should be able to do the following:

Operational Objectives: Assemble a complete calculator with arithmetic operators +, -, *, /, ^, and unary -, complete with exception handling.

Deliverables: One file UCalc.java

Begin with the calculator from Part 2, which has addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations as well as identifier/assignment capability.

Add productions and code to implement the power operator ^ (see Part 1 above). For the implementation, you need to use the static Math.pow method of class Math to compute powers. This operator must be evaluated when possible, along with the other arithmetic operators.

Then add exception handling to this new calculator.

Prepare for this assignment by copying your source file Calc2.java to UCalc.java. Change the class name in the new copy so that it will compile using the command

javac UCalc.java

and run using the command

java UCalc [filename]

All subsequent modifications should be made to UCalc.java. The deliverable is the file named UCalc.java.

Begin this part of the assignment by making all changes necessary to your UCalc.java (a copy of your Calc2.java) program so that it functions correctly (both theoretically and practically).

Extend the UCalc.java program with the power operator ^, as introduced in Part 1. You will need to modify the BNF grammar to accomodate the new operator (as done for Part 1) and annotate this new grammar with semantic rules (as done for other operators in Part 2). Be sure to include the complete annotated grammar for the UCalc in the header documentation as well as the appropriate productions and semantic rules as documentation for the implementing subroutines. Also, be sure that your implementations conform to the documentation.

Compile, run, and test your program with at least these expressions:

Test Expressions
----------------
let x = 1;
(let x = 1) + x;
(let a = 2) + 3*a - 5;
(let x = (let y = (let z = 1))) + x + y + z;
1+(let x = 1)+(let y = 2)+(1 + x)*(1 + y)-(let x = y)-(let y = 1)-x;
1 + (let a = (let b = 1) + b) + a + 1;
(let a = (let a = (let a = (let a = 2) + a) + a) + a) - 9;
(let x = 2)^(let y = 3);
(let y = 3)^(let x = 2);

(Correct responses are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 respectively.)

Add Java exception handling to your UCalc.java code by defining two exception classes SyntaxError and RuntimeError. A SyntaxError exception should be thrown when an illegal character is found, a closing ) is not found, or a = is not used in a let expression. A RuntimeError exception should be thrown when an identifier is encountered for which no value can be found. These will be the exceptions tested.

Include in the file documentation a list of each type of exception that your program throws. If you find other cases appropriate for exceptions of either type, and implement them, include these in the documentation lists for possible extra credit.

The exceptions should propagate the error to the main program which prints the diagnostics of the error. You must handle these errors using Java exceptions and the message should be printed by a Java exception handler in a catch clause.

Compile, run, and test your program with at least these expressions:

Test Expression             Correct Response
---------------             -----------------
1+(2*3;                     syntax error: ')' expected
(let x 5) + x;              syntax error: '=' expected
(let x = 5) (let y = 6);    syntax error: operator expected
(let x = 5 let y = 6);      syntax error: ')' expected
(ler x = 5) ^ (let y = 6);  runtime error: 'ler' undefined
(let x = 5) + y;            runtime error: 'y' undefined

Submit this final version of UCalc.java using the submit script [LIB]/proj2/proj2submit.sh